Nursing Theorist

Anne Boykin and Sarvina O. Schoenhofer
Nursing As Caring Theory

Betty Neuman
Neuman Systems Model and Global Applications

Sister Callista Roy
The Roy Adaptation Model

Dorothea Orem
Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory

Dorothy Johnson
Behavioral System Model

Ernestine Wiedenbach
The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing

Faye Glenn Abdellah
Twenty-One Nursing Problems

Florence Nightingale
Environmental Adaptation Theory

Hildegard Peplau
Theory of Interpersonal Relations

Ida Jean Orlando
Theory of the Nursing Process Discipline

Imogene King
General System’s Framework
Theory of Goal Attainment

Jean Watson
Theory of Human Caring

Joyce Fitzpatrick
Life Perspective Rhythm Model

Joyce Travelbee
Human-To-Human Relationship Model

Kari Martinsen
Nursing Philosophy

Katharine Kolcaba
Theory of Comfort

Kristen Swanson
Program of Research on Caring

Logan Roper & Tierney
The Elements of Nursing:
A Model for Nursing Based on a Model of Living

Lydia Hall
Core, Care and Cure Model

Madeleine Leininger
Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Transcultural Nursing Model

Margaret Newman
Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness

Marilyn Ray
Theory of Bureaucratic Caring

Martha Rogers
The Science of Unitary Human Beings

Myra Estrin Levine
The Conservation Model


Nola J. Pender
Health Promotion Model

Patricia Benner
Novice to Expert Model

Ramona T. Mercer
Maternal Role Attainment

Rosemarie Parse
Theory of Human Becoming

Tomlin Erickson & Swain
Modeling & Role-Modeling Theory

Virginia Henderson
Definition of Nursing

TRACHEOSTOMY

Definitions:

TRACHEOTOMY: Incision made below the

cricoid cartilage through the 2nd-4th

tracheal rings

TRACHEOSTOMY: The opening or stoma made

by this incision.

TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE: Artificial airway

inserted into the trachea during

tracheotomy

INDICATIONS FOR TRACHEOSTOMY

• Bypass acute upper airway obstruction.

• Chronic upper airway obstruction.

• Facilitate weaning from mechanical ventilation by decreasing anatomical deadspace.

• Prevention / treatment of retained tracheobronchial secretions.

• Prevention of pulmonary aspiration.

COMPONENTS OF TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE 

1. Outer tube

2. Inner tube: Fits snugly into outer tube, can be easily removed for cleaning.

3. Flange: Flat plastic plate attached to outer tube - lies flush against the patient’s

neck.

4. 15mm outer diameter termination: Fits all ventilator and respiratory equipment.

All remaining features are optional

5. Cuff: Inflatable air reservoir (high volume, low pressure) - helps anchor the

tracheostomy tube in place and provides maximum airway sealing with the least amount of local compression. To inflate, air is injected via the...

6. Air inlet valve: One way valve that prevents spontaneous escape of the injected air.

7. Air inlet line: Route for air from air inlet valve to cuff.

8. Pilot cuff: Serves as an indicator of the amount of air in the cuff

9. Fenestration: Hole situated on the curve of the outer tube - used to enhance airflow in

and out of the trachea. Single or multiple fenestrations are available.

10. Speaking valve / tracheostomy button or cap: Used to occlude the tracheostomy tube

opening (a) former - during expiration to facilitate speech and swallow,

(b) latter - during both inspiration and expiration prior to decannulation.

BEDSIDE EQUIPMENT

Every patient with a tracheostomy tube should have the following equipment available at the bedside:

• Spare tracheostomy tubes Same size and type as patient is wearing.

Smaller size

• Tracheal dilator.

• Suctioning equipment Suction machine fitted with filter; suction tubing;

suction catheters (see suctioning page for sizes);

gloves (as below); bottle of sterile water to rinse tubing - change daily.

Ensure equipment is assembled and working

properly.

• Humidification equipment Equipment depends on method used - see

humidification page.

Ensure equipment is assembled and working

properly.

• Gloves Non-sterile **

Sterile gloves (for suctioning)

• Infectious waste bag

• Dry clean container for holding the speaking valve, occlusive cap/button or spare inner cannula when not in use. (Get from theatre)

**Natural rubber latex gloves to be used by all except those who have latex allergy.

Nitrile gloves to be used by those with latex allergy.